○ In 2019, Koreans spent approximately 60% of their time, excluding that for personal maintenance, on work (labor) and housework or childcare. However, their average learning time was just 0.3 hours per day.
○ The discretionary time for learning and leisure was determined by the time used for work and housework or childcare. With the exclusion of the time for personal maintenance, the work?housekeeping or childcare time ratio among men favored work. It was 85:10. For women, it was approximately 50:50.
○ Except among the underemployed, there was no discernible variation in time usage by employment type or income level.
○ High-income women worked long hours. However, their lack of a corresponding reduction in the time spent on housework or childcare has brought extreme time poverty.
○ Individuals in dual-income families, care-burdened households, and single-parent households had little discretionary time. This suggests a need for work and care-time assistance.