The purpose of this study is to analyze the hierarchical relations between student and university characteristics and competency-based teaching performance abilities of prospective vocational teachers. The population of the study includes 3,564 prospective vocational teachers in 151 universities, sampling 525 students (prospective vocational teachers) from 35 universities. The results of this study are as follows: First, the variation from the difference between universities was 7.4% of the total variances, and the variation between students was 92.6%. Second, variables of university characteristics, such as the type of university establishment, teaching environment, and the level of participation in the teaching performance ability program (university average), had statistically significant effects on the teaching performance abilities of prospective vocational teachers. Third, variables of student characteristics, such as learning agility, immersion in major of study, experience of training practice, and the level of participation in the teaching performance ability program, had statistically significant effects. Fourth, as a result of analyzing the interaction effect, the level of participation in the teaching performance ability program (university average) showed a moderating effect on the relations between teaching performance ability and learning agility. Based on these results, this study presented several implications for developing the teaching performance abilities of prospective vocational teachers.